This is an essay by Leon about...
"Origin of Korean Script: Hangeul"
(Skip this essay, please; I just want to learn Korean.)

The Korean script is called Hanguel.  The word Hanguel is composed of two morphemes: Han (Korean) and Geul (script).

The Korea script was created (or "invented" as it is commonly written) by a team of scholars commissioned by King SeJong in 15th century A.D..  All of the Koreans I've ever met (and I've met quite a lot in ten years of living in Korea) believe that their script is unique in that it was not modeled after any existing script.  This belief is perpetuated through school textbooks, teachers, and websites.  An example of Korean collective thought can be found on various websites, one of which is wright-house.com, and which reads:

However, anyone who does his/her research can clearly see that there are some remarkable similarities between the Korean consonants and Tibetan consonants.

Omniglot.com, in an article about the Korean writing system, has this written on its website:

With all due respect to Omniglot.com, I disagree.  I can see very little similarity between the said scripts.  HOWEVER, I like the fact that somebody has used logic by suggesting that the script was based partly (at least) on some other script that existed at the time.  Both the Tibetan and Mongolian scripts were modeled after Sanskrit, so there may be some truth to omniglot's claims.  However, I can see a much more distinct similarity between the Tibetan script and the Korean script.

Wikipedia.com has an article about "Hangul" [Hangeul].  In that article, the following is written:

That, if true, would clearly suggest that King SeJong (the founder of the Korean script) had research done before (and during) the making/inventing of the new script.  Furthermore, would it not be logical to assume that King SeJong's "team" of script-inventors were highly educated individuals, who knew of and researched existing scripts of the times?

The article on Wikipedia & the Wright-House article show how the Korean script (Hangeul) was based upon the articulations of the mouth.  I do not wish to dispute that.  It is a very interesting idea.  Incidentally, the Tibetan alphabet is categorized almost exactly the same way.  And it is possible that the Tibetan script (and the script after which it was modeled, namely Sanskrit) were invented in similar ways.

Other similarities between the Tibetan script and the Korean one include:

     - both are written left to right (although Hangeul can also be written top-down)
     - both are written in syllabic clusters
               - Tibetan syllables are separated by dots.
                  I believe that the same was done in Hangeul anciently

Now you may judge for yourself

If you are an expatriate English teacher in Korea, I would caution you NOT to try and enlighten your students about the above information.  I tried, in vain.  For more info on the Tibetan script, click here.

Table of Contents

Preface:  How to learn Korean

Lesson 1:  Romanization of Korean letters (with AUDIO!)

Lesson 2:  Numbers (with AUDIO!)

Lesson 3:  Consonant Pronunciation (with AUDIO!)

Lesson 4:  How to read Korean words (with AUDIO!)

Lesson 5:  Korean Honorifics

Lesson 6:  The Korean Imperative (Ordering)

Lesson 7:  The Korean Interrogative
                 (Where's the restroom?)

Lessons 8-13 on Page 2

(This is a "must read" for any serious learner of the Korean language!)

Recently, I've received some inquiries about the best way to learn Korean.  So, I'd like to address that issue here, in the preface.

I always say that the best way to learn any language is "every way".  And what I mean by that is using a multitude of methods.  Here are some things to consider when learning any foreign language, BUT MOST ESPECIALLY WHEN LEARNING KOREAN:

1.  DECIDE ON A PURPOSE

It is perhaps best to decide what one's purpose is for learning the language.  For example, If one wishes to only read the language, then it is not necessary to speak it or comprehend it when spoken.

Once you decide what your purpose for learning the language is, it would be good to set goals.

2.  EXPOSURE / IMMERSION

The next thing to consider, is exposure to the target language.  Obviously, the more exposure to authentic language, the better.  Immersion in the culture is by far the best way to learn a language because it is learned in a meaningful context.

3.  MY OPINION OF TEXTBOOKS

Text books do not always give "authentic" language, and YET, they are not totally worthless.  They are good for beginners, and for increasing vocabulary knowledge.  The big problem I have with textbooks and learning the Korean language is they generally do not teach honorifics, which is a HUGE part of the Korean language.  For more information about honorifics, please see my lesson #5.

I used textbooks mainly as ideas for topics to study and to increase my vocabulary.  I learned a lot through language exchanges with the Korean people.  A warm-blooded person is so much better than a cold, dead textbook.

4.  RELIABILITY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR LEARNING KOREAN

In the information age, we have come (most of us) to expect a certain standard from certain sources of information.  One thing I never did when growing up was question the authority of a dictionary (lexicon).  I may have thought, well, this dictionary has more lucid definitions than another one, but they are were correct.

The problem is with bilingual lexicons/dictionaries there are no definitions, only TRANSLATIONS.  And I hate to burst your bubble, but some of those translations are WRONG!  I have studied Korean for 10 years and I have made a list of the errors commonly found in the English-to-Korean & Korean-to-English bilingual dictionaries.  To see the list, click on the link below:

Korean Dictionary Korean Dictionary

5.  RELIABILITY OF KOREANS AS TEACHERS / LINK EXCHANGE PARTNERS

Koreans are wonderful people (generally), and it is no fault of their own that their English sucks.  Because of the existence of a plethora of errors in the bilingual lexicons and in their grammar books, and due to KONGLISH, Korean people don't speak English perfectly.  This causes problems for the Korean learner, because they will teach you incorrect translations sometimes.  However, there is nothing wrong with their Korean grammar or pronunciation.  I would only worry about getting proper translations.  Some examples:

Koreans will tell you that annyeonghaseyo means "hi" or "how are you?"  Both translations are totally incorrect.  While both "hi" and "annyeonghaseyo" are similar in function, the meanings are completely different.  (See greetings below (last lesson)).

See also, number 6:  Korean Grammar

6.  KOREAN GRAMMAR

Please be advised that Korean collective English grammar is atrocious.  The reason for this is of course, faulty teaching and faulty reference materials.  The collective errors of the Korean English Education system have been perpetuated for years.  For example Mr. Seong Mun's English Grammar Guide is considered a "BIBLE" of ENGLISH GRAMMAR in Korea.  And yet, it is replete with errors.

This has repercussions upon the would-be Korean-language Learner.  Let me explain by example.

Koreans are taught that the way to say:

"Naneun ((sth)) shirheoyo,"    is:     "I hate ((sth))."  [sth = something].

THIS IS WRONG!

It gets confusing, because most Koreans do not really understand their own grammar.  Every Korean I've ever met (who addressed the topic) has told me that their Korean grammar classes were harder than their English classes.  And, yet, I do not agree that the Korean grammar is all that difficult.  Yes!  It is different from English grammar, but fully apprehensible.

In the example given above, "Na" is a pronoun which refers to oneself.  The particle "neun" which is attached thereto is ambiguous to Koreans, because they don't know how to classify it.  By default, the word "Naneun" usually gets translated as "I", and yet this is usually incorrect.  [Notice, I wrote "usually", because there is ONE instance when it would be correct and that is when it is used with the copula.  Copula = be.]  Dr. Ramstedt, a Finnish linguist, classifies the "neun" (or sometimes "eun") particle as the "emphatic particle".  Therefore, the correct translation of "Naneun" would be:  "In my case" or "Regarding myself".  It is NOT the subject of the sentence, except with the copula (be verb).

Therefore, the sentence: "Naneun ((sth)) shirheoyo," should be translated: "In my case, ((sth)) is hated."  The word "Shirheoyo" is an intransitive verb.  There is no object in the sentence.

So, keep this in mind when learning Korean.

And, I've just decided that I need to add some lessons on Korean Grammar, which I will do as soon as I get the time.

7.  ROMANIZATION OF KOREAN ALPHABET

Any resources that were printed before the year 2000, will have a different Romanization than the one currently used in Korea.  This is another thing to be aware of.  I admit that the current Romanization, which is the one I use on this webpage, is better than the previous one, it still presents some problems for Korean-language Learners.  This will become apparent in Lesson 1.

8.  RECOMMENDED ORDER OF STUDY

I recommend that you start with two things:

(a) Start memorizing some useful phrases.  When I first went to Korea in 1995, I only knew three phrases:  Eolmaimnigga?  (How much?), Gamsahamnida. (I'm grateful.), & Annyeonghashimnigga? (Are you safe & peaceful?)--the common greeting in Korea.  [Note:  Please note that most textbooks will translate Annyeonghashimnigga? as "How are you?"  That would be an incorrect translation.  There is a correct way to say, "How are you?" but nobody uses that greeting in Korea.]

(b) Start, also, building your base vocabulary.  The way I did this was two-fold.  Firstly, every night I would make a list of words that I wanted to learn, and I would look them up in a bilingual dictionary.  Then, I would memorize them.  Secondly, I carried a bilingual dictionary with me every where I went and I would look up the words on the signboard in my dictionary.  My favorite bilingual dictionary in Korea is Dong-A PRIME, because it has the most up-to-date and most accurate translations (although it still is not perfect).  You can buy it online by clicking on the link(s) below:

Dong-a's Prime English-Korean Dictionary

Dong-A's Prime Korean-English Dictionary

Then, once you have about 100 words memorized, I would start learning to make sentences.  Korean is a SOV language.  That means that the syntax is Subject-Object-Verb.  One consistent thing about the Korean language is that the verb is ALWAYS the last word of the sentence.  Quite often, the subject is dropped, when it is implied.  Other languages do this as well.  They are called "pro-drop" languages.  But, Korean is unique in that it can also drop the object when it is implied.  For example, Koreans will often say:  "Saranghaeyo," which is the verb "love".  There is no subject and there is no object needed when you are talking to the object of one's affection.  It is implied, and therefore understood by one's interlocutor.

9.  SPECIAL FONTS NOT NEEDED FOR THIS SITE

Please notice that some letters are listed twice on the table below.  That's because they have more than one sound.

If you wish to learn to read Korean, your first task will be to memorize the following information.  You might want to make flash cards and put the Korean letter on one side and the sound on the other side.

In Lesson 4, you will learn how the letters are put together to make words.

You may listen to me saying the vowels in order as listed above:

THE MAGIC CHEERIO:  Korean letter:  O

I NEED to mention the magic "cheerio".  It is a circle.  It has two usages.

(1) at the end of a syllable (at the bottom), it functions as the /ng/ sound, as in the word "sing".　

(2) When situated either at the left-hand side or top of a vowel (or vowel team), it has no sound.
[See table above].  The "magic cheerio" is needed there, because vowels are not allowed to "dangle" alone in the Korean written language.

* APA = American Phonetic Alphabet
** IPA = International Phonetica Alphabet

Lesson 2:  Numbers:  Korean Has 2 Numbering Systems

As if learning a foreign language wasn't hard enough, Koreans have to have TWO numbering systems.  It can get kind of confusing knowing when to use each numbering system, but then again, it is rather simple.  The Sino-Korean numbering systems comes from China.  This is not a hard-and-fast rule, but generally whenever a number collocates with a Sino-Korean word, the Sino-Korean number is used.  And whenever a number collocates with a pure Korean word, the pure Korean numbers are used.  As a beginner, you cannot be expected to know which words are pure Korean and which are Sino-Korean.  If you wish to find out, simply look up the word in a bilingual dictionary.  If there are Chinese characters next to the word, it is a Sino-Korean word.  If not, it is a pure Korean word.

The Korean word for its currency is Weon or Won [pronounced: wuhn].  It comes from the same Chinese ideograph as the Chinese word for its currency, namely Yuan, and coincidentally, the Japanese word Yen come from the same Chinese ideograph as well.  Since the word is Chinese in origin, the Sino-Korean numbering system is used when dealing with money.

Eventually, you will need to know both numbering systems, but at first, I recommend the Sino-Korean numbering system, since that is the one used with money, and you will need it to buy and negotiate prices.

I will teach both here.  [Note:  Koreans use Arabic numbers when writing.]

You may listen to me counting with the pure Korean numbering system

You may also listen to me counting with the Sino-Korean numbering system

See any patterns?　

10,000 Won is like $10 U.S., so you'll need to count higher than that.

It's easy.  20,000 is just 2 x 10,000; say:  "ee-mahn".

Koreans count the same way the Chinese do.  Like this:

33,333 = 3 x 10,000 + 3 x 1,000 + 3 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 3

Say:  "sahm mahn, sahm chun, sahm back, sahm ship, sahm".

100,000 = 10 x 10,000

Say:  "ship mahn".

1,000,000 = 100 x 10,000

Say:  "back mahn".

That's really as high is you'll need to count.

When I first endeavored to learn the Korean language, I was introduced to many new phonemes that I had never been exposed to previously.  I was then 26 years old, way past the so-called "critical period".  I made friends with a patient native speaker of Korea, who endeavored to teach me these new sounds.

At first, I could not produce them, because I could not hear them.

After listening over and over and given the opportunity to hear similar sounds juxtaposed (temporally), I soon came to distinguish (auditorily) the various sounds.

The vowels did not give me trouble except one.  And I'll get to that one later.

The consonants provided quite a challenge.

Korean has 13 consonants, but FOUR in particular, CAN BE DOUBLED UP.  Those four, plus four others provided me with quite a challenge.  The resulting twelve phonemes can be taxonimized into four sets of three.  Each set contains three consonants that are remarkably similar to the untrained ear.  In fact, they were quite undistinguishable to me at the time I first heard them.

The sets cannot be adequately transliterated into Roman letters (the letters you see here).  But, I'll make do.

 This is what the Korean consonant-phonemes look like, respectively:

You may listen to me pronounce these consonants with the "a" vowel attached.  I will start at the top and read from left to right.

Please refer to the above chart on How to read Korean for this lesson

Vowels can be attached to the right side of a consonant (as in 1), or below the consonant (as in 2), but it must be noted that only CERTAIN vowels can go to the right and CERTAIN others can go below.

If you look at lesson one: vowels.  The top eight vowels can go to the right, while the next five go below, and the last one goes to the right.

Number 1 is Romanized as "ga", but since it is a beginning sound, the "g" is pronounced like a soft "k".  It means "go" (but it is the most familiar and least honorific, i.e., not honorific at all).  [See lesson five about Korean honorifics].

Number 2 is Romanized as "go", but since it is a beginning sound, the "g" is pronounced like a soft "k".  It is a family name in Korea.  It also means "high".

Number 3 is "ga" + "go".  Since the "ga" is first, it sounds more like a soft "ka".  Since "go" is second, it is pronounced as it is written.  The word "kago" could mean:  "a fresh start", or present participle of 'to go', or "go, and...".

Number 4 is Romanized as "jab", but the "j" (at the beginning) sounds more like a soft "ch", and the "b" is NOT pronounced (i.e., voiceless).  It sounds more like "chap".  It means: miscellaneous, or root of the verb 'to grab'/'to take'.

Any consonant at the bottom of a syllable is NOT pronounced (I mean it is voiceless), except "n", "m", "l".

Number 5 is Romanized "a".  The "magic cheerio" is not pronounced.  It is just there to groom the vowel "a".  If one were to ad 5 to 4, one would get "chaba".  By adding a vowel, the previous consonant becomes "activated" and voiced.  "Chaba" (with a very SOFT "ch" sound) means grab (in the familiar or least honorific sense).

Number 6 is Romanized "eung".  It would be like this (in IPA) :

      It means "uh, huh" or "yep".

[You can see the magic cheerio at the top (no sound), and at the bottom, (sounding like "ng"].

Number 7 show some Korean dipthongs:  "oa"  and  "oi".

      "oa" is pronounced like IPA /wa/, and "oi" is pronounced like IPA /we/.

      "oa" means 'and'.  "oe" means 'outside' / 'extra~'

Number 8 show some more Korean dipthongs:  "oae" and "ui".

      "oae" is pronounced like IPA /we/, "ui" is pronounced like IPA /wi/.

      "oae" means "why" (but more familiar and least honorific).  "ui-e" means 'up' (adv.) / and "ui-jang" means 'stomach' (as in the organ).

Let's go with some of the examples used above for reinforcement and extrapolation.

We've learned that ga (pronounced "ka") is the familiar and least honorific form of "go".

Korean Honorifics is a bit complex, but in time, you'll get it.

Many books will tell you that there are three levels.  This is false.  There are actually FOUR levels, and usage is of paramount importance.

Here are the levels, using "ga":

You may listen

Usage:

ga is used to someone who is familiar AND of equal or inferior status.

gayo is used to someone who is not familiar, but appears to be of equal or inferior status.

gamnida is used to someone who is clearly of superior status, and only when talking about one's self or others of equal or inferior status.

gashimnida is used to someone who is clearly of superior status, and only when talking about one who is of superior status.  NEVER USE IT WHEN TALKING ABOUT ONE's SELF.

Further extrapolation:

There are other forms as well, with other usages.  It gets extremely complex, and you may not care to know any more at this point, but if you do, here you are:

gashyeo is used to a familiar person of equal or inferior status when talking about someone of superior status.

gashyeoyo is used to someone less familiar of equal or inferior status when talking about someone of superior status.

You may listen

Then, you can add tenses and moods and imperatives and it gets REALLY complex.

     Are you freaked out yet?

I was oblivious to all the forms when I first started learning Korean and ignorance is bliss, I guess.  Later, when I started learning all the forms, I started freaking, but only a little.  I actually thought it was cool, because Korean has many forms that don't exist in English, but are lovely and useful.

Many ideas, moods, feelings, illocution in English are expressed by suprasegmental features of the SPOKEN language and cannot be written down (well not with type writers or word processors).  But, in Korean, many such ideas, moods, feelings and such can be expressed both in spoken AND written form.  This is an advantage of Korean over the English language.

This is also why Koreans have never won a prize for literature, ... because it is impossible to translate the Korean forms into English and maintain the same nuance.

Korean is a very, very beautiful language, and I hope it never gets lost from this earth or this universe.

Another example:  Above, I wrote that "oa"  (pronounced /wa/) means "and", and that is correct, but it also means "come" in the lowest form.  It is an irregular verb and the conjugation is a bit strange.  See table below:

You may listen

It is imperative that you know how to use the Korean imperative correctly.  Otherwise you could get into trouble.

There are, of course different levels of "honorifics" involved in using the imperative.  Let's look at the verb ga which means "go".

You can say, "Ga," which means: "Go."  But it conveys the same usage as in English, i.e., a command to someone of equal or inferior status and to someone who is familiar.  You could also say, "Gara," which carries heavy weight if the speaker has definite authority over the audience.  It also implies that there is no option, for to disobey means serious consequences.  There is no equivalent in the English language, but perhaps a very good translation would be:  "Thou shalt go."  Finally, you can add the suffix "seyo" (middle form) or "shipshio" (highest form) to the verb stem ga as honorific commands.

Korean also has what I call 'compound verbs' (i.e., two verbs attached).  If one were to add the verb juda (give) to another verb (used in the imperative mood), then it becomes more polite.  It is a lot like adding "please" in English, which originally was used as a verb thusly:  "...if you please", but has been shortened to "please" in modern times.

So, this is what it all looks like:

You may listen

Notice that there are three kinds of translation:

1.  word-for-word, where the words are translated exactly in the order that they appear in the first language and no other words are added.

2.  literal translation, where the words are rearranged to match the syntax of the second (target) language, and necessary words (or suffixes) are added to give the appropriate meaning.

3.  free translation, where words, suffixes and syntax are disregarded and only meaning is translated (and I should add... "as best as possible").

[Note:  I hope many Koreans read this page, because it is generally assumed by Koreans that English does not have levels of politeness in its imperatives.  Of course, they should know "please", but often fail to use it, thinking erroneously that it is not needed.  If you are an English teacher, please do what you can to eradicate these myths about English that exist in the collective Korean mentality.]

Now for usage.  Refer to the table above and the numbers of the forms...

1.  usage mentioned above

2.  usage mentioned above

3.  usage is to someone less familiar of equal or inferior status

4.  usage is to someone more familiar of superior status

5.  usage is to someone very familiar of equal status (to be polite)

6.  usage is to someone not familiar at all of equal status, or to someone familiar of superior status

     Like, you would use this form to a taxi driver, stating the destination first.

7.  usage is to someone clearly of superior status (to show ultimate respect)

Determining STATUS in Korean society.

One might ask (if she/he is a foreigner/expatriate):  "How do I determine social status of my interlocutor?"

This is not so simply answered.  In fact, it can get quite complex at times.

There are several factors involved in determining status:

Color code:  red = more honor;  blue = less honor

1.  Age (older vs. younger)

2.  Marital status (has married  vs. has not)

3.  Relationship (ex.: teacher : student; employer : employee; customer : host) 

4.  Perhaps ages ago: gender, but not now.

5.  Occupation (professional vs. laborer)

Simple?  WRONG!

Here are some "what-ifs" to consider:

1.  What if your the teacher in an academy and one of your adult students is older than you?

2.  What if your spouse is the youngest child in his/her family and his/her ELDER sibling is younger than you?

3.  What if you are the customer (customer is king in Korea), but your host is older than you?

4.  What if your colleague is older than you, but you are married and she isn't?

5.  What if you are a single professor, and your acquaintance of equal age is a married laborer?

In the past (according the Confucian values), I'm sure there were "rules" for all such hypothetical (and real) scenarios, such as the ones above.  However, Koreans are not being formally educated about the Confucian values and they are sometimes confused themselves (as I have asked them).

But, this was the general consensus from my students:

Scenario 1:  Teacher is one of the highest positions in the Confucian system.  In fact, there is a saying:  King, Scholar, Father: one in the same.  (and a teacher is considered a scholar).  The teacher, therefore, deserves the utmost respect.  HOWEVER, (and this is a big however), in Korean society, an academy teacher is considered of lower status than a public school teacher, who is of lower status than a professor.  FURTHERMORE, the student in an academy is also a customer and customer is king.  In short, my students said that both should be offered equal respect in the highest honorifics.

Scenario 2:  This was a true scenario.  My wife was the youngest.  Her elder brother was younger than I.  Upon asking, I was told that my status in the family was equal to my wife's status, therefore, I was lower than her brother.  However, (they added), that is in the past, and we should offer equal respect in the middle form to each other.

Scenario 3:  In this case, you are higher, but I've found that the more respect you give to your host, the better the service you get.

Scenario 4:  This is a toughie, because in Korean and China a woman is not considered a "woman" until she gets married;  BUT, Age is a line that rarely crossed when dealing with honorifics.  It could go either way.  A second factor would have to come into play (and usually does).  For example, if you have children, you would definitely be higher.  If she had seniority in the company, she would definitely be higher (based upon the relationship).  (Seniority is determined by how long one has worked for the company).

Scenario 5: This one is a toughie!  One would have to be an expert in the Confucian value system in order the answer this definitely.  It all depends on which is valued more, education or marriage.  If I had to guess, knowing that the whole Confucian value system is base upon education, I would guess that the professor would be higher and would command more respect, but would be constantly chided by others about his single status.

In Korean society (and this may have NOTHING to do with Confucius) a man is not a "man" until he gets married.  So, this case is really a toughie.  Thus, when in doubt, always use the highest form.

I'll tell you a story.   (It's true).

One day, in Korea, I met a elderly blind woman.  We started talking (in Korean, of course).  She couldn't see how old I was (I was 26, and academy instructor, and unmarried at the time).

She asked, "How old are you?"  (always the first question Koreans ask, and she used the ultra high/polite form of the Korean honorific system).  Yeonse eoddeoke doesseumnigga?

I answered, "I'm twenty six."  {in the high form (which is the highest form for talking about one's self)}  seumeul-yeoset imnida.

Then she asked, "What work do you do?"  (dropping down one level in honorifics).  Museun il hamnigga?

I answered, "I'm a teacher."  (staying with the same form as I previously used).  Seonseng imnida.

Then she asked, "Where do you work?  A public school or an academy?"  (same form as before).  Eodi il hamnigga?  hakyo?  hagweon?

I answered, "In an academy."  Hagweon iyeyo.

She, then asked, "Have you gotten married?"  (dropping down a notch in honorifics).  Gyeorhon haesseoyo?

I answered, "No."  Anio.

She, then, said, "Oh, you are a boy!"  (in the lowest form possible).  Oh, ai  i-ne!

Using ga (the verb "go")...

"Where do you go?"  can have four different forms, depending upon one's interlocutor.  See table below:

You may listen

What I wrote about usage of the honorifics in lesson five, applies here.

Special Grammar Note:  there are only two words in the Korean sentence, and four in the English sentence.  This is because grammar is different.

Korean is what is called a "pro-drop" language.  That means the subject can be dropped.  English (and possibly other Germanic languages) is/are the only language(s) that use "do" in the interrogative, so you can forget about that.

So, the Korean sentence is:  "Where go?"

It is very comfortable AND convenient to leave off the subject when the subject is known.  It didn't take me long to get used to it, because Spanish is another pro-drop language and I was already used to that.

USEFUL KOREAN INTERROGATIVE:  Where is the restroom?  Where is the WC?

Romanized Korean:  HwaJangShil  Eodi  Imnigga?

You may listen

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